Simulations of Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions from low-cost Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic and Cogeneration Systems for New Communities

Simulations of greenhouse gas emission reductions from low-cost hybrid solar photovoltaic and cogeneration systems for new communities, Simulations of greenhouse gas emission reductions from low-cost hybrid solar photovoltaic and cogeneration systems for new communities, Abstract Recent work has shown that small-scale combined heat and power (CHP) and solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies have symbiotic relationships, which enable coverage of technical weaknesses while providing the potential of significant greenhouse gas emission reductions at the residential level. With the reductions in the cost of PV systems and the increasing maturity of CHP systems an opportunity exists for widespread commercialization of the technology, particularly for new construction. In order to determine the potential for this opportunity and to optimize the design of PV-CHP systems for greatest emission and cost reductions in the residential context a simulation, an optimization model has been developed using multiobjective genetic algorithms called the Photovoltaic-Trigeneration Optimization Model(PVTOM). In this paper, PVTOM is applied to emission-intensive and rapidly growing communities of Calgary, Canada. Results consistently show decreases in emissions necessary to provide both electrical and thermal energy for individual homes of all types. The savings range from 3000-9000kg CO2e/year, which represents a reduction of 21-62% based on the type of loads in the residential household for the lowest economic cost hybrid system. These results indicate that hybrid PV-CHP technologies may serve as replacements for conventional energy systems for new communities attempting to gain access to emission-intensive grids. Abbreviations ΦCO2 : carbon dioxide emission intensity Φgrid : provincial emission intensity of the electric grid ΦNOx : nitrous oxide emission intensity Φth : emission intensity of natural gas heating Simulations of greenhouse gas emission reductions from low-cost hybrid solar photovoltaic and cogeneration systems for new communities, AL : appliance and lighting loads CCHP: combined cooling, heat and power also referred to as trigeneration CHREM : Canadian Hybrid Residential End-use Energy and Emissions Model CHP: combined heat and power DHW : domestic hot water D : 20-year discount factor DOC: discounted operational costs Echp,array : annual electric output of the CHP unit fel : amount of electricity the electric grid has provided in Wh in the event of system failure fth : amount of thermal Wh the system failed to meet GHG: greenhouse gas ICC: initial capital costs PV : photovoltaic PV-CHP: photovoltaic combined heat and power hybrid system Anthropogenic climate destabilization has evolved to be a formidable threat to human welfare, global ecosystems, …